Effects of long-term fertilization on yield variation trend, yield stability and sustainability of a double cropping rice system were studied through a 25-year long-term fertilization field experiment in Nanchang, China, of which yield data were analyzed using the linear regression, stability variance and sustainable yield index methods. The field experiment, established in 1984, was designed to have 8 treatments, that is, Treatment CK (a early rice—late rice rotation without fertilizer),Treatment PK (N deficiency), Treatment NP (K deficiency), Treatment NK (P deficiency), Treatment NPK (balanced chemical fertilizer application), Treatment 70F+30M (70% chemical fertilizers plus 30% organic manure), Treatment 50F+50M (50% chemical fertilizers plus 50% organic manure), and Treatment 30F+70M (30% chemical fertilizers plus 70% organic manure), and all the treatments, except CK, were the same in N nutrient supply. Results show that Treatment NPK improved yield, yield stability and sustainability of the double rice cropping system, as compared with Treatments NP, NK and PK. However, Treatments 70F+30M, 50F+50M and 30F+70M further raised the yield by 6.15%, 3.88% and 7.75% and the yield stability by 25.91%, 59.78% and 29.31%, respectively, and Treatment 70F+30M improved the sustainable yield index by 8.57%. Besides in all the treatments as a whole, the higher the initial yield, the lower, the annual variation of the yield, and all showed an increasing trend, except for Treatment NK declining in yield with each passing year. Treatments CK and NK fluctuated the most sharply in yield, reaching 107.95 and 142.30 kg hm^-2 a^-1, respectively, Treatment NPK did the least, reaching 23.74 kg hm^-2a^-1only. However, In OM-involved treatments, the fluctuation in annual yield grew obviously bigger with the rising ratio of F/M. To sum up, Combined application of chemical fertilizers with manure is helpful to obtaining high and stable yields and keeping the double rice cropping system sustainable, with the combination of 30% organic manure and 70% chemical fertilizers being the most optimal.