Improvement of basic soil productivity (BSP) is crucial to reduction of fertilizer application rate and maintenance of stable and high crop yield, while fertilization is a major factor affecting BSP. The study on effects of long-term fertilization on evolution of BSP is of some important theoretical and practical significance to guiding soil building and guaranteeing national food security. A long-term fertilization experiment coupled with pot experiments was carried out to explore effect of mode of long-term fertilization on yield of double-cropping rice and BSP and to analyze rice yield and fertilizer contribution rate to rice yield in relation to BSP. Results show that long-term chemical fertilizers application (NPK) or long-term chemical fertilizers application combined with rice straw (NPKS) increased rice yield. Compared with CK, NPK increased the grain yield of early rice, late rice and annual yield by 100.7%, 67.0% and 81.9% and NPKS did by 113.8%, 77.7% and 93.7%, respectively. BSP yield of early rice in CK decreased significantly with the experiment going (p＜0.01). BSP yield of late rice decreased significantly with the experiment going on in the first nine years (p＜0.01) and afterwards it remained stable. Long-term application of NPK and NPKS helps improve BSP. In terms of BSP and BSP contribution rate, the three treatments in the experiment followed an order of NPKS ＞ NPK ＞ CK. Compared with CK, NPK and NPKS increased BSP yield of early rice by 38.5% and 68.1%, and that of late rice by 25.8% and 49.0%, respectively. Compared with CK plot, NPK and NPKS plots were 21.4% and 54.9% higher, respectively, in BSP contribution rate to early rice yield and 12.8% and 22.8% higher, respectively, in BSP contribution rate to early rice yield. Whether fertilizers were applied or not, yields of both early and late rice crops increased with increasing BSP, while contribution rate of fertilizers to grain yield decreased significantly with increasing BSP. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen and readily available potassium are the major factors affecting BSP and soil total phosphorus, total potassium, alkalytic nitrogen and available phosphorus are also important factors affecting BSP. Long-term application of NPK with rice straw not only significantly increased rice yield, but also sustained or increased basic soil productivity (BSP). The findings suggest that combined application of chemical fertilizer with rice straw is a recommended fertilization practice for sustainable rice cultivation in South China.