[Objective] Soil is an important carrier of cultivated land and the basis of agro-ecosystems. Farmland soil health not only affects crop production and food quality, but also regulates local climate and water environment quality, and sustains biological safety. Therefore, the assessment of farmland soil health should take into account both soil productivity and eco-environment effects. As a living ecosystem, soil varies in health status region, time and management practice. A reasonable assessment index system and a set of evaluation methods are the premise and foundation of soil health assessment. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the connotations of soil function and soil health, and to explore the actual state of farmland soil health in China.[Method] In this paper, the Fengqiu, Luancheng and Yucheng ecological experiment stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the most important grain producing area in China, were selected as objects for the study. Soil functions were generalized into five groups:crop production, water holding and purification, nutrient transport and buffering, carbon sequestration, and habitat and diversity. By referring to the German Müncheberg index scheme, evaluation indices were divided into basic ones and hazard ones. Out of each function, basic indices were selected in the light of their attributes, inherent or dynamic, separately, and got combined with region-specific restricting indices that might threaten soil functions to form a soil health assessment index system for agro-ecosystems. Among basic indices, the inherent attributes were classified or selected from climate, topography, hydrology and soil conditions, and the dynamic attributes were divided into three aspects including physical, chemical and biological indices. On considering that the restricting indices impact their inherent and dynamic properties to varying extent, two multipliers were defined for the two separately. In the end, based on the established soil health assessment index system, soil health of the three typical agro-ecosystems were assessed using the gray correlation analysis method.[Result] Results show:(1) The three agricultural ecological experiment stations all gained quite high soil health scores in the assessment, but still differed slightly, showing an order of Yucheng > Luangcheng > Fengqiu; (2) Farmland management methods also affect soil health, so the farmlands with no fertilizer applied were certainly lower than fertilized ones in productivity; in the Yucheng station, No.2 auxiliary plot applied with fertilizer and straw was the highest in soil health score among all the comprehensive and auxiliary observation fields; and (3) R² between the crop production function and the maize yield reached 0.60.[Conclusion] (1) On the whole, the typical farmlands of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain are fairly good in soil health, displaying an order of Yucheng > Luancheng > Fengqiu. (2) By referring to the Müncheberg index scheme, the revised soil health assessment framework has assigned different multipliers to the inherent and dynamic properties, which proves to be quite reasonable. So the multi-functionality-based soil health assessment system may serve as reference for further exploring trends of long-term evolution of soil health, and implementing effective management of soil resources.