【Objective】 Although hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) has been banned as pesticide in agriculture for decades, its residue, still high in concentration, has been frequently observed in soil due to its property of persistentcet, So it remains to be an important task to well elucidate how HCH affects soil microbial communities in diversity and structure, and a topic of great significance to ecological health of the agro-environment systems. 【Method】In this work, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, in red and purple soils grown with wheat, spiked with HCH at a rate of 0, 600, or 1 500 g•hm-2. Soil bacterial community structure and diversity in the soils were determined using the high throughput sequencing technique. Total DNA in the soil samples were extracted using the Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit, a product of from MOBIO and tested with 1% agarose gel electrophoresis for quality. Compositions of the soil microbial communities were characterized with the sequencing technique.【Result】Alpha index analysis revealed that HCH significantly increased diversity of the bacterial community in the red soil, while no significant effect was observed in the purple soil at the beginning of the wheat cultivation. However, after 42 days of cultivation, no significant differences were found between the soils spiked with HCH and CK in soil bacterial community diversity in the soils. Analysis of bacterial community compositions showed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla at the phyluma level, and HCH increased the diversity of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria in the red soil, while Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant ones in the purple soil. Relative abundance of Bradyrhizbium in red the soil increased with the spiking rate of HCH, and its abundance did about 150% and 180% in the soils spiked with 600 and 1 500 g·hm^–2 HCH, as compared ing with that in the control treatment. However, in the purple soil, relative abundance of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria decreased with the addition of HCH.【Conclusion】The residue of HCH obviously induced the changes in diversity and structure of the of soil bacterial community in the soils, and the impact was more obvious in the red soil than in the purple soil. The findings provide a basis for understanding of the micro-ecological effects and safety assessment of HCH in the soil environments.