Traditional and emerging organochlorine pollutants (OCPs) are prone to form persistent sources of pollution, which adversely affect human health and the ecological environment. Although the usage of OCPs has been banned for many years, these pollutants could still be detected in soils, sediments and other environments where they have never been applied. Numerous studies have confirmed that anaerobic reduction dechlorination, the most efficient pathway for the complete removal of OCPs from soil, is essentially a process mediated by the metabolic activity of dechlorination bacteria. Under anaerobic conditions, the environmental fate of OCPs in the soil is abiotically and biotically attributed to biogeochemical redox processes, which are significantly influenced by the cycling of biogenic elements mediated by microbial-extracellular-respiration-initiated electron transfer. A better understanding of the microbial and geochemical interactions that occur during the environmental transformation of OCPs in anaerobic soils is required for improving soil pollution control and remediation. Owing to the global demand for “One Health”, it is quite necessary to illuminate the potential soil health risks of residual OCPs from the perspective of multi-process coupling. As such, this paper aims to briefly comb the research progress and current status of residual OCPs in soil in the past 42 years, and clarify the state-of-the-art research findings and academic frontiers. On this basis, the potential relationship between the reduction and dechlorination of OCPs and the biochemical cycle process of key elements like C, N, Fe and S in the soil is sorted out, to provide a new understanding of the ecological and health risks of underground environment polluted by residual OCPs. Finally, this paper puts forward suggestions and prospects for the future research direction of soil health risk in China, providing research ideas for facilitating pollution reduction of soil polluted by OCPs, thereby supporting the improvement of soil health theory.